On most UNIX® systems, root has omnipotent power. This promotes insecurity. If an attacker gained root on a system, he would have every function at his fingertips. In FreeBSD there are sysctls which dilute the power of root, in order to minimize the damage caused by an attacker. Specifically, one of these functions is called secure levels. Similarly, another function which is present from FreeBSD 4.0 and onward, is a utility called jail(8). Jail chroots an environment and sets certain restrictions on processes which are forked within the jail. For example, a jailed process cannot affect processes outside the jail, utilize certain system calls, or inflict any damage on the host environment.
Jail is becoming the new security model. People are running potentially vulnerable servers such as Apache, BIND, and sendmail within jails, so that if an attacker gains root within the jail, it is only an annoyance, and not a devastation. This article mainly focuses on the internals (source code) of jail. For information on how to set up a jail see the handbook entry on jails.
Jail consists of two realms: the userland program, jail(8), and the code implemented within the kernel: the jail(2) system call and associated restrictions. I will be discussing the userland program and then how jail is implemented within the kernel.
The source for the userland jail is located in /usr/src/usr.sbin/jail, consisting of one file, jail.c. The program takes these arguments: the path of the jail, hostname, IP address, and the command to be executed.
In jail.c, the first thing I would note is the declaration of an important structure struct jail j; which was included from /usr/include/sys/jail.h.
The definition of the jail structure is:
/usr/include/sys/jail.h:
struct jail {
u_int32_t version;
char *path;
char *hostname;
u_int32_t ip_number;
};
As you can see, there is an entry for each of the arguments passed to the jail(8) program, and indeed, they are set during its execution.
/usr/src/usr.sbin/jail/jail.c
char path[PATH_MAX];
...
if (realpath(argv[0], path) == NULL)
err(1, "realpath: %s", argv[0]);
if (chdir(path) != 0)
err(1, "chdir: %s", path);
memset(&j, 0, sizeof(j));
j.version = 0;
j.path = path;
j.hostname = argv[1];
One of the arguments passed to the jail(8) program is an IP address with which the jail can be accessed over the network. jail(8) translates the IP address given into host byte order and then stores it in j (the jail structure).
/usr/src/usr.sbin/jail/jail.c:
struct in_addr in;
...
if (inet_aton(argv[2], &in) == 0)
errx(1, "Could not make sense of ip-number: %s", argv[2]);
j.ip_number = ntohl(in.s_addr);
The inet_aton(3) function "interprets the specified character string as an Internet address, placing the address into the structure provided." The ip_number member in the jail structure is set only when the IP address placed onto the in structure by inet_aton(3) is translated into host byte order by ntohl(3).
Finally, the userland program jails the process. Jail now becomes an imprisoned process itself and then executes the command given using execv(3).
/usr/src/usr.sbin/jail/jail.c
i = jail(&j);
...
if (execv(argv[3], argv + 3) != 0)
err(1, "execv: %s", argv[3]);
As you can see, the jail() function is called, and its argument is the jail structure which has been filled with the arguments given to the program. Finally, the program you specify is executed. I will now discuss how jail is implemented within the kernel.
We will now be looking at the file /usr/src/sys/kern/kern_jail.c. This is the file where the jail(2) system call, appropriate sysctls, and networking functions are defined.
In kern_jail.c, the following sysctls are defined:
/usr/src/sys/kern/kern_jail.c:
int jail_set_hostname_allowed = 1;
SYSCTL_INT(_security_jail, OID_AUTO, set_hostname_allowed, CTLFLAG_RW,
&jail_set_hostname_allowed, 0,
"Processes in jail can set their hostnames");
int jail_socket_unixiproute_only = 1;
SYSCTL_INT(_security_jail, OID_AUTO, socket_unixiproute_only, CTLFLAG_RW,
&jail_socket_unixiproute_only, 0,
"Processes in jail are limited to creating UNIX/IPv4/route sockets only");
int jail_sysvipc_allowed = 0;
SYSCTL_INT(_security_jail, OID_AUTO, sysvipc_allowed, CTLFLAG_RW,
&jail_sysvipc_allowed, 0,
"Processes in jail can use System V IPC primitives");
static int jail_enforce_statfs = 2;
SYSCTL_INT(_security_jail, OID_AUTO, enforce_statfs, CTLFLAG_RW,
&jail_enforce_statfs, 0,
"Processes in jail cannot see all mounted file systems");
int jail_allow_raw_sockets = 0;
SYSCTL_INT(_security_jail, OID_AUTO, allow_raw_sockets, CTLFLAG_RW,
&jail_allow_raw_sockets, 0,
"Prison root can create raw sockets");
int jail_chflags_allowed = 0;
SYSCTL_INT(_security_jail, OID_AUTO, chflags_allowed, CTLFLAG_RW,
&jail_chflags_allowed, 0,
"Processes in jail can alter system file flags");
int jail_mount_allowed = 0;
SYSCTL_INT(_security_jail, OID_AUTO, mount_allowed, CTLFLAG_RW,
&jail_mount_allowed, 0,
"Processes in jail can mount/unmount jail-friendly file systems");
Each of these sysctls can be accessed by the user through the sysctl(8) program. Throughout the kernel, these specific sysctls are recognized by their name. For example, the name of the first sysctl is security.jail.set_hostname_allowed.
Like all system calls, the jail(2) system call takes two arguments, struct thread *td and struct jail_args *uap. td is a pointer to the thread structure which describes the calling thread. In this context, uap is a pointer to the structure in which a pointer to the jail structure passed by the userland jail.c is contained. When I described the userland program before, you saw that the jail(2) system call was given a jail structure as its own argument.
/usr/src/sys/kern/kern_jail.c:
/*
* struct jail_args {
* struct jail *jail;
* };
*/
int
jail(struct thread *td, struct jail_args *uap)
Therefore, uap->jail can be used to access the jail structure which was passed to the system call. Next, the system call copies the jail structure into kernel space using the copyin(9) function. copyin(9) takes three arguments: the address of the data which is to be copied into kernel space, uap->jail, where to store it, j and the size of the storage. The jail structure pointed by uap->jail is copied into kernel space and is stored in another jail structure, j.
/usr/src/sys/kern/kern_jail.c: error = copyin(uap->jail, &j, sizeof(j));
There is another important structure defined in jail.h. It is the prison structure. The prison structure is used exclusively within kernel space. Here is the definition of the prison structure.
/usr/include/sys/jail.h:
struct prison {
LIST_ENTRY(prison) pr_list; /* (a) all prisons */
int pr_id; /* (c) prison id */
int pr_ref; /* (p) refcount */
char pr_path[MAXPATHLEN]; /* (c) chroot path */
struct vnode *pr_root; /* (c) vnode to rdir */
char pr_host[MAXHOSTNAMELEN]; /* (p) jail hostname */
u_int32_t pr_ip; /* (c) ip addr host */
void *pr_linux; /* (p) linux abi */
int pr_securelevel; /* (p) securelevel */
struct task pr_task; /* (d) destroy task */
struct mtx pr_mtx;
void **pr_slots; /* (p) additional data */
};
The jail(2) system call then allocates memory for a prison structure and copies data between the jail and prison structure.
/usr/src/sys/kern/kern_jail.c:
MALLOC(pr, struct prison *, sizeof(*pr), M_PRISON, M_WAITOK | M_ZERO);
...
error = copyinstr(j.path, &pr->pr_path, sizeof(pr->pr_path), 0);
if (error)
goto e_killmtx;
...
error = copyinstr(j.hostname, &pr->pr_host, sizeof(pr->pr_host), 0);
if (error)
goto e_dropvnref;
pr->pr_ip = j.ip_number;
Next, we will discuss another important system call jail_attach(2), which implements the function to put a process into the jail.
/usr/src/sys/kern/kern_jail.c:
/*
* struct jail_attach_args {
* int jid;
* };
*/
int
jail_attach(struct thread *td, struct jail_attach_args *uap)
This system call makes the changes that can distinguish a jailed process from those unjailed ones. To understand what jail_attach(2) does for us, certain background information is needed.
On FreeBSD, each kernel visible thread is identified by its thread structure, while the processes are described by their proc structures. You can find the definitions of the thread and proc structure in /usr/include/sys/proc.h. For example, the td argument in any system call is actually a pointer to the calling thread's thread structure, as stated before. The td_proc member in the thread structure pointed by td is a pointer to the proc structure which represents the process that contains the thread represented by td. The proc structure contains members which can describe the owner's identity(p_ucred), the process resource limits(p_limit), and so on. In the ucred structure pointed by p_ucred member in the proc structure, there is a pointer to the prison structure(cr_prison).
/usr/include/sys/proc.h:
struct thread {
...
struct proc *td_proc;
...
};
struct proc {
...
struct ucred *p_ucred;
...
};
/usr/include/sys/ucred.h
struct ucred {
...
struct prison *cr_prison;
...
};
In kern_jail.c, the function jail() then calls function jail_attach() with a given jid. And jail_attach() calls function change_root() to change the root directory of the calling process. The jail_attach() then creates a new ucred structure, and attaches the newly created ucred structure to the calling process after it has successfully attached the prison structure to the ucred structure. From then on, the calling process is recognized as jailed. When the kernel routine jailed() is called in the kernel with the newly created ucred structure as its argument, it returns 1 to tell that the credential is connected with a jail. The public ancestor process of all the process forked within the jail, is the process which runs jail(8), as it calls the jail(2) system call. When a program is executed through execve(2), it inherits the jailed property of its parent's ucred structure, therefore it has a jailed ucred structure.
/usr/src/sys/kern/kern_jail.c
int
jail(struct thread *td, struct jail_args *uap)
{
...
struct jail_attach_args jaa;
...
error = jail_attach(td, &jaa);
if (error)
goto e_dropprref;
...
}
int
jail_attach(struct thread *td, struct jail_attach_args *uap)
{
struct proc *p;
struct ucred *newcred, *oldcred;
struct prison *pr;
...
p = td->td_proc;
...
pr = prison_find(uap->jid);
...
change_root(pr->pr_root, td);
...
newcred->cr_prison = pr;
p->p_ucred = newcred;
...
}
When a process is forked from its parent process, the fork(2) system call uses crhold() to maintain the credential for the newly forked process. It inherently keep the newly forked child's credential consistent with its parent, so the child process is also jailed.
/usr/src/sys/kern/kern_fork.c: p2->p_ucred = crhold(td->td_ucred); ... td2->td_ucred = crhold(p2->p_ucred);